Ezzati M, Martin H, Skjold S, Vander Hoorn S, Murray CJ. Life-course trajectories of body mass index from adolescence to - PNAS Accessibility Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. MeSH There are large differences in the burden and health implications of obesity by race and gender in the US. National Center for Health Statistics. Whites (non-Hispanic) (26.1 %) and Other (non-Hispanic) (18.0%) reported lower percentages of obesity when compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Nho K, Kueider-Paisley A, Ahmad S, MahmoudianDehkordi S, Arnold M, Risacher SL, et al. Susan B. Glasser, Michael E. OHanlon, Constanze Stelzenmller, Angela Stent, Adrianna Pita. and transmitted securely. Tori Bowie's Death Highlights Race Gap in Maternal Death Rates ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; **** p<0.0001. doi: 10.2337/dc17-1962 Previous studies investigated contributions of social and environmental conditions on the racial difference in obesity among women [27] and among men only [28]; however, neither of these studies investigated differences between men and women. Nearly 1 in 3 adults (30.7%) are overweight. Social Determinants of Health Overall, this analysis found that Black, Hispanic, and AIAN people fared worse than White people across the majority of examined measures of health and health care and. Figure 1. Controlling for these differences through restriction, stratification, or regression is illustrated by drawing a box around social context (Figure 1B). In NHIS, the age-adjusted mean percent obese for Black females and males was 37.8% and 30.2%, respectively, as compared with 22.2% and 23.7% for White females and males, respectively (Table 2). (November 3, 2022). 56; with permission. The same questions from the NHIS were asked to the EHDIC-SWB participants to facilitate comparison across studies. Percent of adults with obesity By age group By educational status By gender By race and ethnicity Map By state Table Explorer. Hernan MA, VanderWeele TJ. Ethnic Differences in BMI and Disease Risk | Obesity Prevention Source To identify any additional adjustment variables, we constructed a DAG (Figure 2) that encoded relationships between gender, race, obesity, age, and demographic processes such as migration, incarceration, fertility, and mortality. Ma Y, Hbert JR, Manson JE, et al. The .gov means its official. Arroyo-johnson C, Mincey KD, Ackermann N, Milam L, Goodman MS, Colditz GA. 2 In 2003-2004, the prevalen. The median income for the study area was $24,002, and the distribution of household income did not differ by race. Already a subscriber? Effects of weight status on several primary causes of hospitalization differed by gender and race group. Other self-reported variables, including marital status (married/living as married, widowed, divorced/separated, never married), attained education (less than high school (HS) graduate, HS graduate or equivalent, more than HS), and household income (<$20,000, $20,000), provided information on social conditions but, as described below, were not included as covariates in the analyses. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted This review examined and evaluated recent literature regarding the influence of sex and gender on obesity prevalence, comorbidities, and treatment in adults. NHIS a cross-sectional, multistage stratified health survey of non-institutionalized, civilian US households that is administered annually by the National Center for Health Statistics [17]. Data collection of ethnic subgroups across all races will improve our ability to monitor trends in obesity and potential other health outcomes over time. Among Whites, the gender gap was 1.5 ppts (95% CI: 2.8, 0.2). Obesity continues to be a public health concern across the globe. 9 million children, adolescents, and adults. https://www.who.int/teams/gender-equity-and-human-rights. The Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities study (EHDIC) is an ongoing multi-site study of race disparities within communities where Blacks and Whites live together and where there are no race differences in SES, as measured by median income. Age-adjusted prevalence of obesity by race/ethnicity and gender in all of us research, Fig 3. Fig 1. We hypothesized that, in a low-income, racially integrated community where Blacks and Whites have similar income distributions, the obesity gender gap would be similarly large for Blacks and Whites. Kanter R, Caballero B. In each sample, we used modified Wald tests to compare the gender gaps in Blacks and Whites, and thereby tested for effect-measure modification of the obesity-gender relationship by Black-White race [24]. Merrill RM, Richardson JS. PMC Pinheiro PS, Williams M, Miller Ea, Easterday S, Moonie S, Trapido EJ. BMI Classification. Obesity is a multifactorial condition with complex interactions among sex/gender, sociocultural, environmental, and physiological factors. Dr. Ray's goal is to demonstrate the ways that the social environment and other characteristics of the neighborhood constrain or enable residents' levels of physical activity. Durable effects of concentrated disadvantage on verbal ability among African-American children. Postnatal intracerebroventricular exposure to neuropeptide Y causes weight loss in female adult rats. Age-adjusted prevalence of obesity by, Fig 2. Obesity rates U.S. adults by race/ethnicity 2021 | Statista Social science & medicine. Chinese Adults Are More Susceptible to Effects of Overall Obesity and Fat Distribution on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. However, we do not seek to make causal conclusions about race or gender; rather, interventions most relevant for policy are on exposures conducive to intervention, such as income inequality and residential segregation [13]. Socioeconomics of Obesity - PubMed The Precision Medicine Initiatives All of Us Research Program: an agenda for research on its ethical, legal, and social issues, Joint effects of body weight and alcohol on elevated serum alanine aminotransferase in the United States population, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol Off Clin Pract J Am Gastroenterol Assoc. The Committee on Human Research at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health approved EHDIC-SWB. Fry A, Littlejohns TJ, Sudlow C, Doherty N, Adamska L, Sprosen T, et al. Nazare JA, Smith JD, Borel AL, Haffner SM, Balkau B, Ross R, et al. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 20112012. Overweight & Obesity Statistics - NIDDK CDC reports and maps related to obesity in the United States. Only p values less than 0.01 are indicated. June 19, 2023 at 7:00 a.m. EDT. In NHIS, the obesity gender gap was larger in Blacks than Whites: 7.7 percentage-points (ppts) (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.4, 11.9) in Blacks versus 1.5 ppts (95% CI: 2.8, 0.2) in Whites. To contextualize results from EHDIC-SWB, we analyzed data on non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adults in the Sample Adult Core section of NHIS (N=29,630). Income inequality and weight status in US metropolitan areas. We compared body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to The prevalence of obesity has risen significantly over the past few decades and is now considered one of the most pressing public health problems in the United States. You only have access to basic statistics. government site. The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. Our mission is to conduct in-depth, nonpartisan research to improve policy and governance at local, national, and global levels. 2 Obesity and . Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Though obesity prevalence worldwide varies at the national level, there are also significant differences across gender, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity, particularly in the United States where obesity is highest. 2014 Apr;24(4):611-6. doi: 10.1007/s11695-013-1123-8. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 4Significantly different from women of the same race and Hispanic origin. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Cole SR, Platt RW, Schisterman EF, Chu H, Westreich D, Richardson D, et al. Bookshelf Accessed July 26, 2016; with permission. Dehal A, Garrett T, Tedders SH, Arroyo C, Afriyie-Gyawu E, Zhang J. Careers. Sci Rep. 2020;10: 14790. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71908-9 2023 Jun 16;18(6):e0287181. This gender disparity, or gender gap, is negligible in Whites (32.2% female vs. 36.2% male obese) [1]. Gender; Obesity; Sex; Treatment; Weight loss. Maternal deaths 'nearly doubled'. All-cause mortality among Hispanics in the United States: exploring heterogeneity by nativity status, country of origin, and race in the National Health Interview Survey-linked Mortality Files. FOIA Determinants of racial/ethnic disparities in incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women in the U.S.: The Womens Health Initiative 19932009. Obesity and Aerobic Fitness among Urban Public School Students in Elementary, Middle, and High School. facts. Racial/ethnic groups are mutually exclusive. Comparison of Sociodemographic and Health-Related Characteristics of UK Biobank Participants With Those of the General Population, Estimating Propensity Adjustments for Volunteer Web Surveys, Adjusted Logistic Propensity Weighting Methods for Population Inference using Nonprobability Volunteer-Based Epidemiologic Cohorts, https://workbench.researchallofus.org/workspaces/aou-rw-54ae5687/racialethnicdifferencesanthropolipidalt/notebooks/Notebook_addressingComments.ipynb, https://workbench.researchallofus.org/workspaces/aou-rw-54ae5687/racialethnicdifferencesanthropolipidalt/notebooks/AoU_DemoProject.ipynb, http://www.frontiersin.org/Journal/Abstract.aspx?s=1265&name=applied_genetic_epidemiology&ART_DOI=10.3389/fgene.2016.00089. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 20092010. Obesity and C-reactive protein levels among white, black, and hispanic US adults. Bias from pulse oximeters remains even if corrected by race, study finds Environment, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk in low-income women. There is a global obesity pandemic. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de lAssociation medicale canadienne. 1Significantly different from those aged 25 years. Available at: http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html. Soc Sci Med. Gender and Age Differences in Anthropometric Characteristics of Taiwanese Older Adults Aged 65 Years and Older. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Prevalence, Severity, and Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Homes owned by Black Americans are undervalued by billions of dollars. In the US, one study has explored socioeconomic explanations of racial differences in the obesity gender gap and found larger gender gaps in White and Black adolescents from low-SES families than higher-SES families; however, at all levels of childhood SES, the gender gap remained larger in Blacks than in Whites [9]. 2008 Apr;16(4):875-80. doi: 10.1038/oby.2008.7. Percentages are weighted to reflect population characteristics. Stommel M, Schoenborn CA. An official website of the United States government. Writing in Foreign Affairs, Vanda Felbab-Brown explains why the nation is struggling to stop this epidemic. In particular, we replicate the large gender disparity in obesity rates among NHB participants, in which obesity and mean BMI are much higher in NHB women than NHB men (33.34 kg/m2 versus 28.40 kg/m2 respectively; p<2.22x10-308). Robert SA, Reither EN. This analysis is based on data from the first EHDIC study site in Southwest Baltimore, Maryland (EHDIC-SWB), a low-income urban area. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. In 2021, 32% of adults in the US were obese, a decrease of 0.2 percentage points from 2020. Disentangling race and socioeconomic status: a key to understanding health inequalities. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The .gov means its official. Strobe Talbott Center for Security, Strategy, and Technology, Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technology Initiative. Fact Sheet: Health Disparities by Race and Ethnicity NHB indicates Non-Hispanic Black and NHW, Non-Hispanic White. It is critical to consider both individual behaviors and social determinants of health for identifying at-risk populations to develop evidence-based, culturally relevant clinical and population interventions. eCollection 2023. We used directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to guide our analyses by encoding relationships between gender, race, and obesity. The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Online abuse of Lizzo illustrates connections of body shaming, race and Crespo CJ, Loria CM, Burt VL. Mobley LR, Root ED, Finkelstein Ea, Khavjou O, Farris RP, Will JC. Long-Term Weight Loss and Metabolic Syndrome Remission after Bariatric Surgery: The Effect of Sex, Age, Metabolic Parameters and Surgical Technique - A 4-Year Follow-Up Study. Controlling disease and creating disparities: a fundamental cause perspective. People who are overweight may also be at increased risk. Biomedicines. Our findings replicate previous observations with respect to gender differences in BMI. Springer KW, Stellman JM, Jordan-Young RM. Men and women were included if they self-reported a single race/ethnic group in Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, or White. Obesity is linked to impaired immune function. Wee CC, Mukamal KJ, Huang A, Davis RB, McCarthy EP, Mittleman MA. concentrated poverty), Availability of resources to meet daily needs. Cupples WA. Listen to informative discussions on important policy challenges. Though obesity prevalence worldwide varies at the national level, there are also significant differences across gender, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity, particularly in the United States where obesity is highest. Currently, you are using a shared account. Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race Data & Statistics | Overweight & Obesity | CDC 3 Social origins, early hardship and obesity: a strong association in women, but not in men? Obesity continues to be a public health concern across the globe. Borrell LN, Crawford ND, Dallo FJ, Baquero MC. Prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular diseases among Hispanic/Latino individuals of diverse backgrounds in the United States. Moreover, social norms surrounding femininity, childrearing, and food allocation [37] may compel women to assume roles associated with weight gain. We draw social context variables downstream of race because residential segregation and social stratification create disparate social, environmental, and material exposures for Blacks and Whites in the US [2022]. We bring together leading experts in government, academia, and beyond to provide nonpartisan research and analysis on the most important issues in the world. Saving Lives, Protecting People, County Health Rankings & Roadmaps (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and University of Wisconsin), Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research (NCCOR) Measures Registry, CDC Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Legislation, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Priority Strategy: Early Care and Education (ECE), Priority Strategy: Family Healthy Weight Programs, CDC-Recognized Family Healthy Weight Programs, Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity, Healthy Schools Promoting Healthy Behaviors, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. The prevalence of weight/height discrimination ranged from 5% among men to 10% among women, but these average percentages obscure the much higher risk of weight discrimination among heavier. In 2021, black adults had the highest obesity rates of any race or ethnicity in the United States, followed by American Indians/Alaska Natives and Hispanics. 2019;12(6):639-652. doi: 10.1159/000503753. A multilevel analysis of race, community disadvantage, and body mass index among adults in the US. Epub 2014 Jun 11. Model-based population-level analysis and community estimates to all counties, places (incorporated and census designated places), census tracts, and ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) across the United States. Black or African American. Weight and height are needed for BMI and usually determined using measured weight and height in clinical settings and self-reported weight and height in larger population health studies. Accessibility The exposure, gender, was self-reported in EHDIC-SWB and NHIS. Borrell LN, Crawford ND, Dallo FJ, Baquero MC. In the US, the prevalence of obesity among adults over the age of 20 iss approximately 36%. To account for spurious associations due to differential age distributions, we standardized the data to the age distribution of US adults in the 2000 Census [26]. Escobar-Morreale HF, Santacruz E, Luque-Ramrez M, Botella Carretero JI. Obesity rates were higher in women (43 percent) than men (34.3 percent). Cancer survival among Latinos and the Hispanic Paradox. Williams DR, Collins C. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. The data comes from CDC surveillance systems like the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the National Center for . HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Obesity, for screening purposes, is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m. Effect of Meat Price on Race and Gender Disparities in Obesity - PLOS Speakman JR. Functional Analysis of Seven Genes Linked to Body Mass Index and Adiposity by Genome-Wide Association Studies: A Review. Jackson JS, Knight KM, Rafferty JA. On MSNBC, Andre Perry discusses his research on the issue and calls for anti-racist policies to combat inequities. Show sources information 2003 National Health Interview Survey Description. Wang Y, Beydoun MA. Kaiser Family Foundation. World Health Organization. Burke GL, Savage PJ, Manolio TA, Sprafka JM, Wagenknecht LE, Sidney S, et al. There are large differences in the burden and health implications of obesity by race and gender in the US. BMI is the most common measure used for population and clinical screening for obesity. Hum Reprod Update. NOTES: BMI is body mass index. this manuscript was supported by the National Cancer Institute (U54CA155496), the Foundation for Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, and Washington University School of Medicine Department of Surgery. 4. Denny JC, Rutter JL, Goldstein DB, Philippakis A, Smoller JW, Jenkins G, et al. 2,3. Raceethnic differences in the association between lipid profile components and risk of myocardial infarction: The Northern Manhattan Study. Obesity epidemiology trends by race/ethnicity, gender, and education It is unclear to what extent policies modifying caloric consumption change the distribution of the burden of obesity and related health outcomes. Here, race directly modifies the gender-obesity relationship because race has been hypothesized to directly influence obesity risk [19]. EHDIC-SWB is a population-based survey of 1381 adults living in two urban, low-income, racially integrated census tracts with no race difference in income. 8600 Rockville Pike Race, Place, and Obesity: The Complex Relationships Among Community The box around Race, the modifier, indicates stratification by this covariate [19]. Jahns L, Baturin A, Popkin BM. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n365. 2023 Feb 10;13(2):297. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13020297. Psychosocial stress and change in weight among US adults. It is critical to understand the definition of obesity, using body mass index (BMI) appropriately, recent estimates, and risk factors as a framework within which clinicians should work to help reduce the burden of obesity and obesity-related health outcomes. During a recent Senate hearing, Jessica Brandt makes the case for a U.S. information strategy in the age of digital media and disinformation. Statista. In the United States, Black women are much more likely to be obese than the general population [1]. Special consideration needs to be given to ethnic subgroups among Hispanics as there are cultural differences that may impact obesity in different ways. aDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA, bCarolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 206 West Franklin St., Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27516, USA, cDepartment of Health, Behavior and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA, eHopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Suite 441, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA, dDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Merz NB, Barnes PJ, et al. Vranian M, Blaha M, Silverman M, et al. Epidemiology of Type 2 DiabetesGlobal Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. BMI is calculated as ones weight in kilograms divided by ones height in meters (kg/m2). In the 2000 Census, less than 1% of all census tracts met the study criteria for racial integration, balance, and equality in SES [12]. Paradoxically, the evidence of vast numbers of DNA base pairs at which humans differ also became known at this time. 3 Almost 1 in 5 children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 (19.3%) have obesity. Carroll MD, Navaneelan T, Bryan S, Ogden CL. Available at: https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health. An official website of the United States government. Suggested mechanisms underlying this cultural and genetic theory include unique dietary preferences, early childbearing, and selection of the thrifty genotype [5]. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. government site. The United States, China, and the new non-aligned countries. On . Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation. Coupled with lower female earnings, these roles may make women in low SES neighborhoods susceptible to food insecurity [38]. Commentary: considerations for use of racial/ethnic classification in etiologic research. First, we conceptualized the strong gender-obesity relationship observed in Blacks but not in Whites as effect-measure modification, whereby Black-White race modifies the relationship between the exposure, Gender, and the outcome, Obesity. Gary TL, Stark SA, LaVeist TA. Intrauterine food restriction is associated with obesity in young rats. Figure 1b: Effect measure modification of relationship between gender and obesity by race through social context.