echinochloa esculenta

(2019). Gupta, A., Mahajan, V., and Gupta, H. S. (2010b). Discover thousands of 6:306. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00306, Yabuno, T. (1962). Existing evidence showed that the protein content (11.212.7%) in barnyard millet was reasonably higher than other major cereals and millets. Echinochloa crus-galli - Wikipedia Genetic resources and varietal improvement of small millets for Indian Himalaya, in Biodiversity Potentials of the Himalaya, eds L. M. Tewari, Y. P. S. Pangtey, and G. Tewari, (Gorakhpur: Gyanodaya Prakashan press), 305316. Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113657, Yoshitsu, Y., Takakusagi, M., Abe, A., Takagi, H., Uemura, A., Yaegashi, H., et al. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. J. Mol. Conserving millet genetic resources in India. It grows on variety of wet sites such as ditches, low areas in fertile croplands and wet wastes, often growing in water. FAC). However, in barnyard millet, both wild and freshly harvested seeds of cultivated species reported to have seed dormancy (Maun and Barrett, 1986; Sung et al., 1987; Manidool, 1992). The study found that the germinated flour exhibited decreased bulk density and porosity (air spacing) than raw rice flour. Recent advances in second and third-generation sequencing technologies have facilitated simple and cost-effective sequencing platforms to generate genome and transcriptome sequences. Sujatha, K., Selvarani, K., Vijayalakshmi, V., Vanniarajan, C., and Sivasubramaniam, K. (2013). https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echinochloa_frumentacea&oldid=1100415426, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Kannada-language text, Articles containing Bengali-language text, Articles containing Marathi-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 25 July 2022, at 20:21. 31, 675684. However, genome research in barnyard millet is still in the early stage and far behind the other minor millets. Nat. PLoS One 11:e0159437. Agric. Genome wide association mapping of agro-morphological traits among a diverse collection of finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) genotypes using SNP markers. crus-galli, E. crus-galli var. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.200378, Nozawa, S., Takahashi, M., Nakai, H., and Sato, Y.-I. Microbiol. (2011). Evol. 2:9. 41, 484493. doi: 10.1017/S0021859617000545, Ugare, R., Chimmad, B., Naik, R., Bharati, P., and Itagi, S. (2014). The Echinochloa species generally has potential resistance against various biotic and abiotic stresses. The E. oryzicola complex consists of two weedy species, E. oryzicola and E. phyllopogon, and one rare cultivated Mosuo barnyard millet. The broadly linear leaves are sharp and . The grains of barnyard millet are rich in micronutrients (Fe and Zn) and hence, the identification of potential genes related to the accumulation of micronutrients (Fe and Zn) will be helpful to transfer these genes to high yielding barnyard millet cultivars or even to other major crops like rice, wheat, maize, etc. Sundararaj, D. P., and Thulasidas, G. (1976). Paniceae. 11:500. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00500. Genetic Diversity and spread of thiobencarb resistant early watergrass (Echinochloa oryzoides) in California. Research conducted in China released the whole genome sequence of weedy E. crus-galli during 2017 and was annotated successfully for its unique nature of invasiveness and adaptation in the fields of crop plants (Guo et al., 2017). doi: 10.4141/cjps86-093, Mauro-Herrera, M., Wang, X., Barbier, H., Brutnell, T. P., Devos, K. M., and Doust, A. N. (2013). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Echinochloa colona (Linn.) Ugare et al. (2014). Similarly, alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, phenols, and flavonoids present in barnyard millet have various ethno-medical properties like being antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, having a wound healing capacity, biliousness, and alleviating constipation-associated diseases (Kim et al., 2011; Ajaib et al., 2013; Moreno Amador et al., 2014; Borkar et al., 2016; Nguyen et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2016; Sayani and Chatterjee, 2017). Echinochloa crus-galli G3 7, 15871594. 18:101e105. The earliest records of the domesticated form date to 2000 BC from the Jmon period of Japan. Hybridization is a difficult task in small millets, however, the hot water-based method followed by the contact method of crossing was found to be effective in finger millet (Raj et al., 1964; Nandini and Fakrudin, 1999) and foxtail millet (Siles et al., 2001). (2015). Breed. Over the past decades, efforts made to study the features of barnyard millet are limited compared to other minor millets. The genomic libraries range between2 160 bp and 20 Kb with a total number of contigs of 4534 with minimum and maximum contigs size of 1 kb and 11.7 Mb, respectively. The major collections of barnyard millet germplasm accessions are housed in India and Japan. Screening of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) germplasm for salinity tolerance. Therefore, it is also worth investigating the Echinochloa species mechanism behind the tolerance to drought and flooding stress. Mitich, L. W. (1990). The genus Echinochloa belongs to the family Poaceae and subfamily Panicoideae and includes 250 described annual and perennial species, of which E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet) and E. esculenta (Japanese barnyard millet) are the most important and widely cultivated ( Clayton and Renvoize, 2006 ). doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.10.027. Plant Breed. Other Australian states: *Qld *Vic. Copyright 2020 Renganathan, Vanniarajan, Karthikeyan and Ramalingam. doi: 10.1534/g3.112.005207. (2017). The E. crus-galli complex includes four wild species, E. crus-galli var. Nat. Beauv.] Echinochloa species are generally considered to be a short-day plant (Muldoon, 1985) exhibiting photoperiodism and perform as per the different ranges of photoperiods from short days (813 h) to long days (16 h) (Maun and Barrett, 1986; Mitich, 1990). The study has also identified some promising genotypes, which could be efficiently used in a breeding program for the improvement of early maturity, grain yield, and yield contributing traits. Similarly, a novel antifungal peptide, EcAMP1, was identified in the seeds of E. crus-galli, a unique antimicrobial peptide with a wide spectrum of antifungal activity against phytopathogens such as Alternaria, Botrytis, Fusarium, and Trichoderma. Genetic diversity in the barnyard millet (Echinochola frumentacea) germplasms revealed by morphological traits and simple sequence repeat markers. 5, 354360. In addition, a lower phytate (3.303.70 mg/100 g) content in grains (Panwar et al., 2016) followed by the dehulling process has also decreased phytic acids significantly, favoring the bioavailability of minerals. Int. Development of barnyard millet ready-to-eat snack food: Part II. 31, 6978. Front. World area, production, and productivity scenario of small millets (from IIMR, 2018). Technol. (2013b). Econ. Prabha, D., Negi, Y. K., and Khanna, V. K. (2012). Genotypic differences in relation to climatic adaptation of two cultivated barnyard millet at Garhwal hills. To date, two mapping studies only have been published on barnyard millet (Table 5). The gene annotation of E. crus-galli further revealed 108,771 protein-coding genes, 785 miRNAs, 514 Mb repetitive elements, and non-coding RNAs. It is grown in areas where the land is unsuitable or the climate too cool for paddy rice cultivation. Indian J. (2016). In addition, most of the proteins found in the Echinochloa species showed orthologs among themselves for proteins of C4 pathways, calcium binding protein, photosynthesis, bZIP transcription factor 1, translational initiation factors, transporters, and hypothetical proteins, etc. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183261, Rawat, L., Nautiyal, A., Bisht, T. S., Prasad, S., Naithani, D., Makhloga, K., et al. However, comprehensive research is needed to understand the accurate details of germplasm accessions, identify the trait-specific donors, develop mapping population, and discover the quantitative trait locus (QTLs) and gene. (2015). (2019) used EST-SSR markers developed from the cultivated, E. frumentacea transcriptome sequence to analyze the genetic diversity of Indian barnyard millet germplasm. Food Sci. Stems are flattened at the base. Sci. (2010). Advances in Setaria genomics for genetic improvement of cereals and bioenergy grasses. Farmers generally cultivate this crop under marginal areas, but they still depend on low yielding local landraces. The coefficient of variation among core germplasm varied from 0.79 to 36.43% for days to maturity and basal tiller number, while the heritability (broad sense) varied between 70.14 and 99.87% for inflorescence length and days to maturity, respectively. Echinochloa - FNA [3][4][5] Some of the species are known by the common names barnyard grass or cockspur grass.[6][7]. Genes Genomics 35, 609615. (2008) reported that some E. frumentacea accessions have the potential for antifeeding activity against brown plant hopper, which is among the major pests that affect rice production. CV, JR, and AK provided suggestions. Kumar, A., Yadav, S., Panwar, P., Gaur, V., and Sood, S. (2015). The plant forms an erect shrub with leafy culms, which are rounded-flat in cross section and reach 2 m in height. 10:535. doi: 10.5958/0975-928x.2019.00067.x, Lata, C., and Prasad, M. (2012). Therefore, the germinated flours are comparatively less prone to autoxidation than raw rice due to reduced air space between the flour molecules, and this could prevent the spoilage of flour and facilitate easy packaging and enable long-distance transportation. In Japan, the Noge-Hie, a low amylose grain-containing cultivar was identified from a local landrace possessing natural deletion in one of three waxy genes (Hoshino et al., 2010). Plant Genet. However, some uniquely expressing proteins were also identified in the Echinochloa species. Cytogenetic data suggest that Echinochloa frumentacea and E. esculenta are domesticated derivatives of E. crus-galli and E. colona, respectively (Yabuno 1962) and that E. oryzoides is very closely related to E. crus-galli (Yabuno 1984). Identification of putative QTLs for seedling stage phosphorus starvation response in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. doi: 10.1111/pbr.12070, Hilu, K. (1994). J. Barnyard millet breeding programs have stagnated due to limited funding from various funding agencies and research organizations. Each spikelet contains two florets in which the lower floret is sterile and consists of lemma with small palea, while the upper floret is bisexual with a shiny lemma that partially encloses palea. 114, 321332. unintentionally); has become naturalized. doi: 10.1007/s11032-012-9769-9, Iwakami, S., Uchino, A., Kataoka, Y., Shibaike, H., Watanabe, H., and Inamura, T. (2014). *Tas. Sect. Int. It not only generates differential genes, but also the functional molecular markers like simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and SNPs in various minor millet species. Therefore, it is suggested that there are many chances for the application of several processing techniques to improve barnyard millet flour quality and nutritional properties, especially in the value-addition strategy of food industries. Pheng, S.; Khiev, B.; Pol, C. & Jahn, G.C. Appl. It acts as a host for several mosaic virus diseases. Babu, B. K., Joshi, A., Sood, S., and Agrawal, P. K. (2017). BMC Genet. E. common barnyard grass. County and Jepson Region polygons can be turned off and on using the check boxes. Euphytica 81, 199205. (2014). Sung, S.-J., Leather, G. R., and Hale, M. G. (1987). Similarly, the IIMR, Hyderabad, evaluated the 146 barnyard millet accessions and found a larger variation for grain yield and yield contributing traits, which led to the identification of 18 promising accessions for barnyard millet breeding programs (IIMR, 2016). Clayton, W. D., and Renvoize, S. A. VR and AK revised and prepared the final draft of the manuscript. sY l For instance, utilizing five SSR markers, 155 accessions of Echinochloa species including E. esculenta (49), E. crus-galli (94), and E. esculenta var. Plant Syst. Crop Sci. Evaluation of barnyard millet cultivars for fodder yield under single and double cut treatments at higher elevation of hills. doi: 10.1007/s10722-009-9462-y, Gupta, A., Sood, S., Agrawal, P. K., and Bhatt, J. C. (2014). International Plant Names Index. Molecular markers associated with waxy and anthocyanin pigment traits in barnyard millet. A., Yasuda, K., Yano, A., and Soejima, A. doi: 10.1007/s00122-008-0942-9, Johnson, M., Deshpande, S., Vetriventhan, M., Upadhyaya, H. D., and Wallace, J. G. (2019). Development of barnyard millet based traditional foods. General Information Annual. Biol. J. Pharm. Vanniarajan, C., Anand, G., Kanchana, S., Arun Giridhari, V., and Renganathan, V. G. (2018). Barrett, S. H. (1983). 54, 11661172. Sood, S., Khulbe, R., Saini, N., Gupta, A., and Agrawal, P. K. (2014). The wild species, such as E. oryzicola and E. crus-galli, diverged around 3.3 Mya while another wild species, E. colona, diverged from E. oryzicola and E. crus-galli between 2.65 and 3.18 Mya, respectively (Lee et al., 2017). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101868. B. Weed Sci. The denominations "Japanese" and "Indian" are sometimes associated to each species respectively due . Common barnyard grass is an introduced Eurasian grass found in cultivated fields and disturbed stes throughout New England and, indeed, most of North America, where it is reviled as an agricultural weed. 33:197. doi: 10.1007/s11274-017-2364-9, Osuna, M., Okada, M., Ahmad, R., Fischer, A., and Jasieniuk, M. (2011). Mol. Genet. Table 2. Joshi, R. P., Jain, A. K., Chauhan, S. S., and Singh, G. (2015). Appl. The wondrous cycles of polyploidy in plants. Resour. 20, 197207. In another study, bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and 51 EST-SSR markers were used to analyze the F2 individuals of ACM 331 MA 10, contrast parents for anthocyanin pigments, and the results showed that the SSR marker, BMESSR 39, was linked with anthocyanin pigments in barnyard millet (Renganathan et al., 2019). Crop Prot. 6:16. It is also found in southern Canada from British Columbia east to Newfoundland. 54, 26732682. Agric. Effect of degree of polishing on milling characteristics and proximate compositions of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea). Plant Res. Lower glume, 2530% of spikelet length, apex acute to mucronate or obtuse, 5-nerved; upper usually shorter than spikelet and exposing upper part of maturing floret, acute, 5-nerved. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. 80, 7386. Small millets-a selective overview, in Small Millets in Global Agriculture, eds A. Seetharam, K. W. Riley, and G. Harinarayana, (Oxford: Oxford), 318. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069168, Yasuda, K., Yano, A., Nakayama, Y., and Yamaguchi, H. (2006). Millets. However, the progress of barnyard millet breeding programs is very slow due to the lack of genetic and genomic resources. Genet. Identification of microsatellite markers for finger millet genomics application through cross transferability of rice genomic SSR markers. All rights reserved. Food Sci. doi: 10.1080/23802359.2015.1137832. Theor. L&H Seeds, 3930 Moon Road, Connell, WA 99326, USA. Babu and Chauhan (2017) also found homology of some barnyard millet ESTs against the chromosomal regions of 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 12 of rice, the waxy gene of maize, granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI-S) gene of Panicum repens, Setaria italica, Panicum miliaceum, and super oxide dismutase (SOD) gene of Colletotrichum eremochloae. J. Noun 1. Nolde, S., Vassilevski, A. Beauv.]. 40:2131e2134. Aust. Current Status and Future Prospects of Omics Strategies in - Springer Physico-chemical and nutritional studies in Barnyard millet. Barnyard millet global core collection evaluation in the sub mountain Himalayan region of India using multivariate analysis. Mosovska et al. Biotechnol. In May 2023, Frontiers adopted a new reporting platform to be Counter 5 compliant, in line with industry standards. J. Agric. doi: 10.1007/s11032-014-0115-2, Babu, B. K., Dinesh, P., Agrawal, P. K., Sood, S., Chandrashekara, C., Bhatt, J. C., et al. This is mainly due to the direct suppression of deleterious pathogens or the indirect production of growth hormones that ultimately increases the uptake, solubilization, and translocation of less available minerals (Olanrewaju et al., 2017). Both wild and cultivated Echinochloa species are different from each other in terms of growth habitat, general morphology, and other characteristics (Table 1). Characteristics Habitat terrestrial wetlands New England state Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Leaf blade width 5-30 mm Inflorescence branches the flowers are attached to branches rather than to the main axis of the inflorescence Spikelet length 4-6 mm Glume relative length Genus: Echinochloa: Family: Poaceae Category: angiosperm PLANTS group: . Am. a sighting. 4:2320. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3320. 10:369. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00369. In this review, we highlight the importance of barnyard millet in the current scenario and discuss the up-to-date status of genetic and genomics research and the research gaps to be worked upon by suggesting directions for future research to make barnyard millet a potential crop in contributing to food and nutritional security. They are less susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recently, MDU 1, a variety developed by Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India, through pureline selection of local landrace of Tamil Nadu possesses the characteristic features of short duration (<100 days) and higher grain yield (2,500 kg ha1) (Vanniarajan et al., 2018). (2012). The high ratio of carbohydrate to crude fiber ensures the slower release of sugars in the blood, and so thus aids in maintaining blood sugar level. The nutritional composition of barnyard millet is presented in Supplementary Table S1. Mishra, A. K., Puranik, S., Bahadur, R. P., and Prasad, M. (2012). Among the 159 gSSRs, 58 were found to show consistent amplification in barnyard millet, that is, 91.3% cross-species amplification ability (Pandey et al., 2013). Hort. Similarly, Echinochloa species are also the preferable choice of farmers for cultivation in various adverse environments such as those prone to drought or flooding. Weed Biol. Nat. (2010) reported that E. esculenta extract showed antimutagenicity against 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylic acid in strains of Salmonella typhimurium due to its higher polyphenolic content, thereby playing a major role as antioxidants in scavenging H2O2 radicals. The first variety of K1 was developed by the pureline selection method from local landraces of Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu, India, released during 1970, which possesses an average state yield of 1,000 kg ha1. Acad. Research Note Interspecific Hybrid between Echinochloa esculenta (Japanese barnyard millet) and E. frumentacea (Indian barnyard millet) A New Avenue for Genetic Enhancement of Barnyard Millet. in part by the National Science Foundation. The biology of Canadian weeds, Echinochloa crus- galli (L.) Beauv. For instance, the iron content in barnyard millet grain is about 15.618.6 mg/100 g (Saleh et al., 2013; Renganathan et al., 2017; Vanniarajan et al., 2018), which is rationally higher than major cereals and millets. Nirmalakumari, A., and Vetriventhan, M. (2009). Food crops for waterfowl, in Fireside Waterfowler: Fundamentals of Duck and Goose Ecology, eds D. E. Wesley and W. G. Leitch, (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books), 352. 102, 17531756. Joshi, V. (2013). 50, 4952. Synonyms: Echinochloa utilis Ohwi & Yabuno APNI*. (2006). Sundararaj and Thulasidas (1976) further reported on the requirement of 1014 days of duration for the flowering process. Barnyard grass was one of the five most cultivated crops during Joseon Dynasty in Korea. Similarly, value-added food products are not only free of anti-nutritional factors but also increase nutritional compounds, making barnyard millet a good base ingredient for infant food formulas. germplasm. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a086408, Murukarthick, J., Manimekalai, M., Karthikeyan, A., Perumal, S., Dhasarathan, M., Kandasamy, T., et al. Nat. Sci. doi: 10.3719/weed.44.205. A high-density genetic map and QTL analysis of agronomic traits in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. The size of IR, LSC, and SSC regions varied from 22,618 to 22,748, 81,837 to 82,053, and 12,518 to 12,519 bp, respectively. J. Curr. Of around 35 species (Table 1 ), two main species, E. esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz; syn. 35, 13841398. 30, 549554. Echinochloa esculenta is an annual grasslike herb that is not native to California. Recently, Manimekalai et al. Fritsch. Res. Plant. B. Annual Report 2017-18. J. Nutr. (2013). Meanwhile, Kim et al. doi: 10.1007/s13258-013-0110-8, Odintsova, T. I., Rogozhin, E. A., Baranov, Y., Musolyamov, A. K., Yalpani, N., Egorov, T. A., et al. Mainly, SSR markers obtained from the cereals and millets were successfully utilized to characterize the barnyard millet germplasm. J. of Food Sci. link and Sporobolus coromandelianus (Retz.) Acad. 2, 1117. Gupta, A., Mahajan, V., Kumar, M., and Gupta, H. (2009). Technol. Barnyard millet grains are usually parboiled-dehulled-cooked and consumed in a similar way to rice (Surekha et al., 2013). Food Chem. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. For instance, a recent investigation from Arthi et al. Citation 1983).It is also believed to have as a domesticated species directly derived from the wild millet barnyard . Further, through molecular analysis, Aoki and Yamaguchi (2008) reported that, though all these three groups exhibit different cytoplasmic lineages, the nuclear lineage between E. oryzicola complex and E. crus-galli complex have a higher affinity than E. colona-frumentacea complexes proving Yabunos hypothesis that E. oryzicola is the probable paternal parent of E. crus-galli (Aoki and Yamaguchi, 2008). Comparative performance of Indian and Japanese barnyard millet cultivars under varied fertility conditions for dual use in Indian Central Himalaya. Lower lemma equal to spikelet, shortly acuminate or shortly cuspidate, 7-nerved. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3168-8, Babu, B., and Chauhan, R. (2017). Mol. (1982). J. Integr. Crop Prot. Mapping of Quantitative Trait Locus (QTLs) that contribute to germination and early seedling drought tolerance in the interspecific cross Setaria italicaSetaria viridis. praticola, E. crus-galli var. 5, 2224. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179717, Wang, J., Wang, Z. L., Yang, H. Q., Yuan, F., Guo, E. H., Tian, G., et al. Bai, H., Cao, Y., Quan, J., Dong, L., Li, Z., Zhu, Y., et al. [12], see Acroceras Axonopus Brachiaria Oplismenopsis Oplismenus Panicum Paspalidium Pseudechinolaena Setaria Urochloa. 66, 739759. 8, 123126. (2009). Assessment of genetic diversity, population structure and relationships in Indian and non-Indian genotypes of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) using genomic SSR markers. When not grown on purpose, these grasses may become a nuisance to farmers. The fodder yield is about 6.3 tons/ha (Vanniarajan et al., 2018). Although the total minerals, ash, fat, and amino acid content in barnyard millet were although comparable with other cereals and millets, the iron content in the grain was significantly higher than others. Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria. The seed dormancy, a major limiting factor in the cultivation of small millets, has not been studied yet in detail. Radhamani, J., Pandey, A., Srinivasan, K., and Tyagi, V. (2011). Nat. Ann. For instance, the genotypes with higher grain yield and yield contributing traits (panicle length, number of raceme, and grain yield) were identified in the Southern States of India viz., Telangana and Tamil Nadu. (2001). 24, 490499. 2. doi: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2012.06.012. The Leipzig catalogue of vascular plants. DOCX Japanese Millet (Echinochloa esculenta) Plant Guide - USDA Plants Database Morphological differences among wild and cultivated species of Echinochloa species. Karnataka J. Agric. Breed. Mol. Conclusively, progress in barnyard millet genome mapping remains slow and is still in its initial stage. In-Silico Identification of EST Based Microsatellite Markers and SNPs, and Comparative Genomic Analysis of ESTs in Barnyard Millet for their Omics Applications. (2017). Manidool, C. (1992). Hence, SSRs and SNPs markers developed from E. phyllopogon may be very useful in studying not only the diversity, origin, and distribution of herbicides-resistant population (Osuna et al., 2011; Okada et al., 2013), but also for predicting gene location and molecular breeding in cultivated types. Genome-wide association study of major agronomic traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) Using ddRAD sequencing. Whole genome sequence (WGS) is fundamental to understand the genome composition and gene repertoire of a crop. Introduction Weeds are among the super survivors of the plant kingdom as they generally have large populations and wide geographic distributions 1. 16, 361368. Fertile lemma shortly apiculate, smooth, 5-nerved. A comparison of agronomic traits from various trials conducted across India is given in Supplementary Table S2, which revealed barnyard millet genotypes to have considerable variation for yield and yield-related traits. 27, 14781494. Copyright: various copyright holders. Disulfide-stabilized helical hairpin structure and activity of a novel antifungal peptide EcAMP1 from seeds of barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Individual plants can produce up to 40,000 seeds per year. Nat. J. Characterization of barnyard millet starch films containing borage seed oil. Barnyard millet: present status and future thrust areas. Indian Phytopathol. Am. Genet. Doggett, H. (1989). [11] Insect pests include Atherigona falcata, the barnyard millet shoot fly. Observation Search (11 records) Plant Characteristics. Esculenta Japanese Millet. To date, very limited reports have been published on genetic transformation in barnyard millet. Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz - Japanese millet P: Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz Japanese millet. Yadav et al. India B Biol. 19, 277323. (2017). Kaya, H., Demirci, M., and Tanyolac, B. It revealed their genome structure (quadripartite), identity (99.5%), and size (139,592139,851 bp) of the chloroplast genomes. Plant Breed. Genetic diversity in Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea Roxb.). Bot. (2013). At the same time, a change in consumer preference toward small millets with simultaneous development of suitable food products, along with an increase in market price, would fetch better returns for farmers and healthier choices for consumers.